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プレート・テクトニクス(Plate Tectonics)とは、地球表層(リソスフェア、Lithosphere)は100〜150キロメートル程度の厚さの比較的硬い岩盤(Rigid
Bedrock)からなり、それが大きいもので十数枚に分かれており、水平運動(Lateral Movement)を行う過程で、それらの境界部(Boundary)において地球内部からの熱(Heat)と物質(Substance)が地表へ放出されるために起こる様々な地質現象(Geologic
Phenomenon)を説明するモデル(Model)である。1910年代のウェゲナー(Alfred Wegener)による大陸移動説(Continental
Drift)が発展した形で、1960年代後半頃に世界的に確立され、日本でも1980年代頃に導入された。硬い岩盤はマントル最上層部(Uppermost
Part of Mantle)と地殻(Crust)とからなり、プレート(Plate)と呼ばれる。これはリソスフェア(Lithosphere)とも呼ばれる。また、テクトニクス(Tectonics、変動構造地質学)とは構造運動のことである。地球科学分野で最大のモデルである。 このモデルにより、地震(Earthquake)や火山活動(Volcanic Activity)などが理論的に説明できるようになった。 |
| リンク |
| 全般 | 超大陸 | プレート境界 | プルーム | その他 |
| プレートテクトニクス| |
超大陸| 大陸移動説| |
プレート/プレート境界| 海嶺/海溝| トランスフォーム断層| 地震と火山| |
LIP| ホットスポット| |
パレオマップ| 用語集| |
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Alfred Lothar Wegener (1880-1930), the originator of the theory of continental drift. (Photograph courtesy of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.) |
| 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 | |
![]() According to the continental drift theory, the supercontinent Pangaea began to break up about 225-200 million years ago, eventually fragmenting into the continents as we know them today. 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 |
![]() As noted by Snider-Pellegrini and Wegener, the locations of certain fossil plants and animals on present-day, widely separated continents would form definite patterns (shown by the bands of colors), if the continents are rejoined. 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 |
![]() The center part of the figure -- representing the deep ocean floor with the sea magically removed -- shows the magnetic striping (see text) mapped by oceanographic surveys offshore of the Pacific Northwest. Thin black lines show transform faults (discussed later) that offset the striping. 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 |
![]() An observed magnetic profile (blue) for the ocean floor across the East Pacific Rise is matched quite well by a calculated profile (red) based on the Earth's magnetic reversals for the past 4 million years and an assumed constant rate of movement of ocean floor away from a hypothetical spreading center (bottom). The remarkable similarity of these two profiles provided one of the clinching arguments in support of the seafloor spreading hypothesis. 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 |
![]() 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 |
![]() 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 |
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![]() ![]() Cartoon cross sections showing the meeting of these two plates before and after their collision. The reference points (small squares) show the amount of uplift of an imaginary point in the Earth's crust during this mountain-building process. |
![]() The collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates has pushed up the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. ![]() The 6,000-km-plus journey of the India landmass (Indian Plate) before its collision with Asia (Eurasian Plate) about 40 to 50 million years ago (see text). India was once situated well south of the Equator, near the continent of Australia. |
| 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 | |
![]() World map showing the locations of selected prominent hotspots; those labelled are mentioned in the text. (Modified from the map This Dynamic Planet.) 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 |
![]() Map of part of the Pacific basin showing the volcanic trail of the Hawaiian hotspot-- 6,000-km-long Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamounts chain. (Base map reprinted by permission from World Ocean Floor by Bruce C. Heezen and Marie Tharp, Copyright 1977.) 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 |
![]() Artist's conception of the movement of the Pacific Plate over the fixed Hawaiian "Hot Spot," illustrating the formation of the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain. (Modified from a drawing provided by Maurice Krafft, Centre de Volcanologie, France). ![]() J. Tuzo Wilson's original diagram (slightly modified), published in 1963, to show his proposed origin of the Hawaiian Islands. (Reproduced with permission of the Canadian Journal of Physics.) |
| 〔W. Jacquelyne Kious and Robert I. TillingによるThis Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonicsから〕 | |
![]() A cross section illustrating the main types of plate boundaries. Illustration by Jose F. Vigil from This Dynamic Planet -- a wall map produced jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Smithsonian Institution, and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. 〔USGSのIndex of pubs.usgs.gov/gip/の『Earthquakes』の『Where Earthquakes Occur』から〕 |
![]() 〔Rosanna L. Hamilton氏によるEarth's Interior & Plate Tectonicsから〕 |
![]() 〔J. TARNEY氏によるPlate Tectonics: Geological Aspectsから〕 |
![]() 〔University of BremenのPetrology of the Oceanic Crustの中の『Vorlesung "Geochemie und Plattentektonik I" (A. Klugel): Abbildungen und erganzendes Material』から〕 |
![]() 〔John C. Lahr氏によるHow to Build a Model Illustrating Sea-Floor Spreading and Subductionから〕 |
![]() ![]() 〔文部科学省地震調査研究推進本部の『地震の基礎知識』の中の『地震発生のメカニズムを探る』から〕 |
【LIP】(Large Igneous Province:巨大火成岩岩石区)
![]() Large Igneous Provinces of the Circum-Pacific region (in red) emplaced since 250 Ma. From cover of Mahoney, J.J. and M.F. Coffin (eds.), Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, oceanic, and planetary flood volcanism. Amer. Geophys. Union Geophys. Mon. 100: 438 p., 1997. |
![]() Figure 1. Distribution of Mesozoic-Cenozoic large igneous provinces (LIPs) with silicic LIPs in italics. NAIP, North Atlantic Igneous Province; CAMP, Central Atlantic Magmatic Province; Rajm. Rajmahal basalts; TVZ, Taupo Volcanic Zone; NW Aust, Northwest Australian oceanic plateaux; Cuvier, Roo Rise, Scott, Wallaby and Naturaliste. Figure from Bryan et al. (2002a) and modified from Coffin & Eldholm (1994). 〔Vic Camp氏(Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University)によるHow Volcanoes Workの『Silicic LIPs』から〕 |
| ウェゲナー |
| 大陸移動説 |
| プレート・テクトニクス |
| LIP(Large Igneous Province:巨大火成岩岩石区) |