発信：山尾 政博   広島大学 食料環境経済学研究室

私たちの研究室では、参加型資源管理の進み具合、地方自治体の資源管理への関わりなどについて、タイ南部のパンガー湾周辺の漁村調査を、１−３月に実施する予定にしていました。しかし、調査対象地の漁村が津波災害を受けたために、本格的な調査を延期せざるをえなくなりました。２月２０日から３月６日までの間、落ち着きを取り戻し、復興への準備が活発化している調査対象地に出向き、本格調査に向けた準備をしてきました。このページでは、人々のこれまでの持続的な資源利用・管理への努力を紹介するとともに、津波被害をどのように克服しようとしているのかを報告します。

Preliminary survey on coastal community development and resource management Phattareeya Suanrattanachai, Kuga Mizuho, Wantana Chenkitkosol February 20 - March 6, 2005

Introduction

・Andaman Coast in southern Thailand was attacked by Tsunami in December 26, 2004 ・Six provinces damaged by disaster face crisis of coastal resources (CR) utilization; Ranong, Phang-Nga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang, Satun

Issues concerning Fisheries communities

・Losing income due to crisis of CR utilization 　Fisheries activities 　　- Destroying of fishing gears and fishing boats 　　- Low catches and low demand of fish products Cage culture activities 　　- Damage of fish cage culture & shellfish culture 　　- lost of fish stocking in cage

Ctd.

・Tourist activities 　　- Lack of tourists 　　- Feasible increase of the jobless people 　　- Time-consuming construction of facilities and accommodation ・Lack of new and accessible investment source ・Feasibility to modify fishing technique to get more catches after crisis

Objectives of research

・To observe fishing activities and their impacts on resources and environments ・To investigate the management measure on coastal resources ・To assess the logistic of ‘social capital’ degree in fishing communities after crisis of CR utilization

Selected research areas

・Main criteria concerning 　　−Fishing activities (KohMuk, Trang and KhaoThong, Krabi) 　　−Aquaculture activities (TakuaTung, PhangNga and AoLuk, Krabi) 　　−Tourism activities (KohMuk Island, Trang)

Research areas

Case of Trang Province

- Koh Muk village, Koh Libong　Sub-district, Kantang District

Koh Muk, Trang Province

General information 　　- small island, 20 minutes by boat from main land 　　- population 2500 people and 447 households 　　- main career are fisheries (70%) and rubber plantation (30%) 　　- a lot of famous tourist places nearby the island

Fishing activities
・Number of fishing boat: 500 (< 10 m.) ・Fishing gears: crab net, sillago net, scad net, squid trap, hook and line ・Collecting sea cucumber by diving around island

Tourist activities
・High season between November to April ・50% of fishers change their boat for traveling service in high season ・Income from tourists about 2,500 baht per trip and 20-25 trips per year ・5-6 Bungalows and resorts on island

	Snorkeling equipments for rent
Resort construction

CRM activities

・To conserve Dugong by do not operate fishing in the seagrass beds

・To promote prohibition of mangrove forest areas by making signed-board

・To promote prohibition of mangrove forest areas by making signed-board

Impact of Tsunami

Issue 　　　Impact Fisheries 　-damaging boats and losing fishing gears 　　　　　　  -get debt for new investment 　　　　　　  -low catch during this season 　　　　　　  (Nov. ? Apr.) that make more difficult to recover fisher’s income Tourism　　-few number of tourist come 　　　　　　  -lose alternative income during low catch season

Relief works

・Government source 　　- Not more than 20,000 baht for repairing damaged boats 　　- 2,000 baht per person for loss of fishing gear ・Non government source 　　- Southern small-scale fishers association gives net and equipment to make new fishing gears and gives funds to repair fishing boats

Case of Krabi Provinces

−Bakan village, AoLukNoi Sub-district, AoLuk District 　　−KhaoThong Sub-district, Muang District

Bakan, Krabi Province

・General information 　　- located along the canal that connected to the sea 　　- mangrove forest cover 3.2 million sq.m. 　　- population 1,900 and 396 households 　　- main career are fishing and cage culture

Fishing activities
・about 300 fishing boats ・Fishing gear: crab gill net, shrimp trammel net, mackerel gill net, crab trap, grouper trap and shallow water set net ・Stop operating push net for more effective utilization of fisheries resource

Cage culture activities
・Species: Grouper, Oyster and Green mussel ・Floating raft cage culture and hanging rope for oyster culture ・There are 70 households doing cage culture which are both small-scale farmers with 4-40 cages and large scale farmers with more than 40 to 132 cages

Damage of cage cultures

・Broken cage and lost net ・Lost stocking fish that most of them are market size (price: 1.1 kg = 320 baht) ・The value assessment of damage varies from 10,000 baht to 6,000,000 baht ・Cost of one set of cage (1 set = 4 cages) is about 18,000 baht ・Cost of 1 piece of stocking fish is about 50 baht ・* Note 1 US$ = 38 baht

Relief works

・Government source 　　- Ao.Bo.To. gives 1,000-3,000 baht for initially help to people who got impact 　　- damaged boat which can repair get amount of compensation as value of damage is assessed, 　　　 but not more than 20,000 baht 　　- losing and damaged fishing gear get money 10,000 baht per person 　　- hiring 105 jobless people to clean up public areas in community within 25 days (175 baht per day)

KhaoThong, Krabi Province

・General information 　　-Three villages located along coastline got effect from disaster 　　-Main fishing gear is Shallow water set net, squid trap and crab trap 　　-Mangrove forest is important place where promoted to be tourist site

Set net activities

・After collapse from disaster, people starts installing new set net ・To avoid conflict between fishers, they have to inform group of fishers before installing to check 　the place and give hand for setting ・Control expansion of set net by control number of license

Tourism activities

・Decrease number of tourist after disaster ・Promoting mangrove forest and small islets for canoeing and snorkeling ・Continue to promote and keep contact with travel agency to show beautiful scenery

Relief works

・Government source 　　- damage boat which can repair get amounts of compensation as value of damage assessment, 　　　 but not more than 20,000 baht 　　- lose and damage fishing gear get money 10,000 baht per person ・Collaborative project (Thai and Italy) 　　- implementing project in this area provides net to fishers to make new sets of fishing gear

Case of PhangNga Province

−Klongkian Sub-district, Takautung District

Studied Site: Four fishing villages

General information on the villages

Item　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Ban Klongkian village Occupation　　　　　　　　　　　small-scale capture fisheries 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Fish cage culture and shellfish culture 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　agriculture: rubber plantation 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　marine tourism Provision of infrastructure　　Jetty for promoting tourism 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Auction building for shrimp yield distribution Active people’s group　　　　　Fisher’group for managing shrimp yield distribution 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　and marketing management 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　One-million village fund group

General information on the villages

Item　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Ban Klongnamsai village Occupation　　　　　　　　　　　agriculture: rubber plantation 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Fish cage culture 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Small-scale capture fisheries Provision of infrastructure　　Use landing place of Ban klongkian and Ban Haadsai-pleakhoi Active people’s group　　　　　One-million village fund group

General information on the villages

Item　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  Ban Haadsai-pleakhoi village Occupation　　　　　　　　　　　small-scale capture fisheries 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　    Fish cage culture 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　    agriculture: rubber plantation Provision of infrastructure　　Fish landing jetty combining with shrimp yield distribution 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　   and auction place Active people’s group　　　 　One-million village fund group 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　    　Savings group in the village 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　    　　Fishers’ group

General information on the villages

Item　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Ban Ao makham village Occupation　　　　　　　　　　Fish cage culture 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　    　Small-scale capture fisheries 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　    　agriculture: rubber plantation Active people’s group　　　−Fisher’group for managing shrimp yield distribution 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　and marketing management 　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　   　−One-million village fund group

Main fishing gear employed at four villages
・Shrimp trammel net (May-September) ・Crab gill net (May-Sept.) ・Shallow water set net ・Fish gill net ・Fish trap ・Collapsible crab trap

Main type of aquaculture engagement
・Fish cage culture ・Shellfish culture ・Common species: grouper, sea bass, red snapper, green mussel

Main common resource base
・Large areas of mangrove forests commonly are used by local people living in four villages ・Branches and stems of mangrove trees are main material for constructing shallow water set net ・Nursery grounds of fish fingerlings

Problem of community fisheries economic development
・Large numbers of fishing efforts are required repairing, maintenance and some are out of work. ・Collapse of shallow water set net ・Diminish of fish cage culture and shellfish culture ・Low catches and low fish price

Upcoming outcomes of re-building capacity of fishing efforts
・Fishers initially repair boat engine and fishing boat by themselves as fast as possible ・Financial support coming from GOVT. spend on new spare parts and necessary equipments and fishing gear.

Upcoming outcomes of re-installation of shallow water bamboo stake trap
・Fishers re-construct new set of the set net by themselves (< 10 fishers) ・New unit of the set net re-install at the same place as it used to ・Numbers of the set net gradually installs (probably in rainy season)

Upcoming outcome of re-constructing fish cage culture
・Re-constructing new cage by spending financial support from GOVT. (20 fish-farmers in each village have held registration card) ・Collecting some broken equipment from the sea ・Collecting fish seeds from the sea

Finding from the fields

・Re-building capacity of fishing communities is at top priority to strengthen 　their household economics. ・Re-installation of set net and fish cage culture depend mainly on access of investment cost. ・Location of set net and fish cage culture is at the same place as it used to

Finding from the fields

・Local fishers plan to re-provide new set of fishing gears relying on their expertise. ・Local fishers are aware of importance of mangrove forests which contributes to sustainable use of 　 fisheries resources

Continuing work

・Interviewing target people about their methods to rebuild their household income and career ・Interviewing target people about their opinions on coastal resource management ・Investigating how long it takes to rebuild management system

Expected outcomes

・Find communities’ capacity and awareness to sustain coastal resource management after crisis ・Find the important criteria that people cooperate together on coastal resource management